Posted by The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex communication network connecting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the central nervous system (CNS) through neuronal, endocrine, metabolic, and immune pathways. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are crucial food components that may modulate the function of this axis through molecular mechanisms. Derived mainly from marine sources, these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are integral to cell membrane structure, enhancing fluidity and influencing neurotransmitter function and signal transduction. Additionally, n-3 fatty acids modulate inflammation by altering eicosanoid production, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and promoting anti-inflammatory mediators. These actions help preserve the integrity of cellular barriers like the intestinal and blood–brain barriers. In the CNS, EPA and DHA support neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission, improving cognitive functions. They also regulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by reducing excessive cortisol production, associated with stress responses and mental health disorders. Furthermore, n-3 fatty acids influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, promoting beneficial bacterial populations abundance that contribute to gut health and improve systemic immunity. Their multifaceted roles within the GBA underscore their significance in maintaining homeostasis and supporting mental well-being.
Interaction Between the gut and the brain through the gut–brain axis. HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; ENS, enteric nervous system; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids. Designed using elements by ©Canva, sparklestroke, Pixeden, iconsy, OpenClipart-Vectors via Canva.com (access date: 18 November 2024).
The role of omega-3 fatty acids as components of cell membranes. ↑ indicates an increase, ↓ indicates a decrease. Designed using elements by ©Canva, sparklestroke, Pixeden, iconsy, OpenClipart-Vectors via Canva.com (access date: 18 November 2024).
Given the multifaceted benefits of n-3 fatty acids on the GBA, it is recommended to incorporate adequate amounts of EPA and DHA into the diet by consuming marine foods, like fatty fish, or through supplementation. Additionally, based on the significant benefits of n-3 fatty acids on the GBA and overall health, various nutritional recommendations are proposed; the following two of them are related to CDs either as carriers (solublizers, stabilizers, odor absorbers, etc.) of n-3 fatty acids or as fibers:
- Consider n-3 fatty acid supplements based on fish oil or algae, especially for individuals with limited access to n-3-rich foods or with dietary restrictions.
- Consume fiber-rich foods, like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, along with fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut, to support beneficial gut microbiota that synergizes with n-3 fatty acids.
Reference:
Zinkow, A.; Grodzicki, W.; Czerwińska, M.; Dziendzikowska, K. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Gut–Brain Axis. Molecules 2025, 30, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010071
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